Upper Mustang Trekking

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Trekking Overview and Trip Information

The Upper Mustang Trek is a unique and culturally rich adventure in the Mustang region of Nepal, often referred to as the “Last Forbidden Kingdom.” This trek takes you into a hidden world that was forbidden to foreigners until 1992, offering a glimpse into the traditional Tibetan culture, ancient monasteries, and dramatic desert landscapes. The Kingdom of Lo in the Mustang Region of Nepal is one of the most remote kingdoms on earth. One of the few remaining authentic Tibetan cultures still left in the world, the northern part of this astounding kingdom is open to a small number of fortunate permit holders each year. For the adventure of a lifetime, join us as we explore the dramatic landscape and ancient culture of this isolated region. Sheltered by such massive Himalayan peaks as Annapurna and Dhaulagiri, Mustang is a rugged moonscape of walled monasteries, windy plains, and towns that time forgot. The founder of Tibetan Buddhism, Padmasambhava, came here in the 7th century to defend Buddhism against the forces trying to destroy it. To celebrate his successful battle, he built the temple of Lo Gekhar that still stands today, surviving along with an “unadulterated Tibetan culture” that cannot be found elsewhere. The kingdom of Lo is strategically positioned along the main trade route between Tibet and India. In the 15th-17th centuries, traders carried salt and wool to India and spices and grain back to Tibet, following the course of the mighty Kali Gandaki River. The Kingdom of Lo was part of Tibet until it joined with Nepal in 1790. This district is the lone bastion of traditional Tibetan Buddhist culture and religion in predominantly Hindu Nepal. The kingdom was closed to outsiders in 1960 when eastern Tibetans began their fight against Chinese forces. The region was not reopened to outsiders until 1991, and the Upper Mustang is still closed to casual visitors. A small number of permits are issued each year to trekking companies, and a government liaison accompanies each trekking party in the restricted area of the Upper Mustang. Mustang enjoys a longer trekking season than the rest of Nepal because it lies beneath the rain shadow of the Himalayas. It is not subject to the monsoons that hit other parts of the country and make trekking difficult but because of the windy plains and arid landscape, this region is more rugged than other trekking areas of Nepal.

Geographical knowledge of the land you will tread:

The Upper Mustang region, which you will explore during the Upper Mustang Trek, is a distinct and geographically fascinating area of Nepal. Here is some geographical knowledge about this land:

1. Location: Upper Mustang is located in the north-central part of Nepal, bordering the Tibetan Plateau to the north. It is part of the Gandaki Province and lies in the rain shadow of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountain ranges.

2. Altitude: The region’s altitude varies significantly along the trekking route. The trek starts at around 2,800 meters (9,186 feet) in Kagbeni and reaches its highest point at the Lo La Pass, which is approximately 3,950 meters (12,960 feet) above sea level. Lo Manthang, the walled city and focal point of the trek, sits at around 3,800 meters (12,467 feet).

3. Rain Shadow: Upper Mustang is situated in a rain shadow region, meaning it receives very little rainfall and experiences a semi-arid climate. This unique geographical position results in the barren, desert-like landscapes with eroded canyons, caves, and dramatic rock formations.

4. Kali Gandaki River: The Kali Gandaki River, one of Nepal’s major rivers, flows through the Upper Mustang region. The trek follows the course of this river for much of its duration, providing a vital water source for local villages and their agricultural activities.

5. Unique Landscapes: The geographical features of Upper Mustang are distinct from other trekking regions in Nepal. You’ll encounter surreal and dramatic landscapes, including deep gorges, red and ocher cliffs, and windswept plateaus.

6. Geological Formations: The region is known for its unique geological formations, including the red and orange-colored cliffs, caves, and wind-eroded canyons. The terrain is unlike any other in Nepal and has been shaped by millions of years of geological processes.

7. Trans-Himalayan Region: Upper Mustang is often referred to as a Trans-Himalayan region because of its proximity to the Tibetan Plateau. The culture, architecture, and landscapes of Upper Mustang reflect strong Tibetan influences.

8. Tectonic Activity: The region is part of the larger Himalayan mountain range, which is still experiencing tectonic activity. This geological activity has resulted in the formation of the high peaks and deep valleys in the area.

9. Glacial Rivers: While Upper Mustang is primarily arid and semi-desert, some glacial rivers and streams flow through the region, providing water for local agriculture and adding to the diverse geography.

10. Walled City of Lo Manthang: The trek’s geographical centerpiece is the ancient walled city of Lo Manthang, surrounded by high cliffs and accessed through a narrow gate. This city is rich in history and culture and offers a unique experience for trekkers.

Understanding the unique geography of Upper Mustang is crucial for planning your trek, as it impacts the climate, culture, and landscapes you will encounter along the way. It’s a region that offers a blend of natural beauty and cultural richness set in a distinct geographical setting.

Trail Overview and Cultural Experience Along the Upper Mustang Trek:

The Upper Mustang Trek offers a remarkable combination of stunning landscapes and a deep cultural immersion. Here’s an overview of the trail and the cultural experiences you can expect along the way:

1. Starting Point: The trek often begins in Jomsom, which is accessible by a short flight from Pokhara or a drive and hike from Nayapul via the Annapurna Circuit. Jomsom is a major town in the region and serves as the gateway to Upper Mustang.

2. Kagbeni: The trek usually starts with a hike from Jomsom to Kagbeni, a picturesque village on the banks of the Kali Gandaki River. Kagbeni is the entry point for Upper Mustang, and it’s where you’ll need to check your permits.

3. Chele: As you move deeper into Upper Mustang, you’ll pass through several charming villages like Chele, which is known for its narrow alleyways and ancient buildings.

4. Ghiling: The trail continues through villages like Ghiling, offering scenic views of the surrounding landscapes. Along the way, you’ll encounter unique geological formations and dramatic cliffs.

5. Tsarang: Tsarang is known for its historical significance and the Tsarang Monastery, which is a must-visit site on the trek.

6. Lo Manthang: The walled city of Lo Manthang is the cultural and geographical highlight of the trek. This ancient city, with its centuries-old architecture and royal palace, is rich in Tibetan culture and traditions. You’ll have the chance to explore narrow alleys, visit monasteries, and interact with the friendly locals.

7. Lo Gekar: En route to Lo Manthang, you can visit the Lo Gekar Monastery, which is one of the oldest in the region and boasts a rich history.

8. Lo La Pass: The trek involves crossing the Lo La Pass, which offers panoramic views of the Mustang region and surrounding peaks.

9. Return Route: After exploring Lo Manthang and its surroundings, you’ll retrace your steps, passing through the same villages on your way back to Jomsom.

Cultural Experiences:

1. Tibetan Influence: The culture of Upper Mustang is heavily influenced by Tibetan Buddhism. You’ll see Tibetan-style monasteries, prayer wheels, and mani walls adorned with Buddhist mantras.

2. Monasteries and Gompas: The region is dotted with ancient monasteries and gompas, some dating back centuries. These are not only places of worship but also repositories of art, history, and culture.

3. Tiji Festival: If you time your trek right, you might have the chance to witness the Tiji Festival, a three-day annual event in Lo Manthang that celebrates the triumph of good over evil. It involves colorful masked dances, rituals, and cultural performances.

4. Local Traditions: Engage with the local Mustangi people and learn about their customs, traditions, and daily way of life. Their hospitality is warm, and they are known for preserving their unique culture.

5. Ancient Architecture: The architecture in Upper Mustang is a testament to its rich history. You’ll see intricately designed buildings, palaces, and fortresses that reflect a blend of Tibetan and Nepali styles.

6. Trade Route History: Upper Mustang was once an important trade route between Tibet and Nepal. You can explore ancient salt mines and trading posts that harken back to its historical significance.

7. Stunning Landscapes: While the culture is a highlight, the stark and dramatic landscapes, including deep canyons, cliffs, and the barren terrain, provide a unique backdrop to your cultural exploration.

The Upper Mustang Trek is not just a journey through stunning terrain; it’s a cultural odyssey into a world where ancient traditions are still very much alive. The combination of dramatic landscapes and rich cultural experiences makes it a truly unforgettable adventure.

Trip Duration:
The Upper Mustang Trek typically takes around 14 to 17 days, depending on the starting and ending points, as well as side trips and acclimatization days.

Permits:
To enter Upper Mustang, foreign travelers must obtain a special trekking permit called the “Upper Mustang Restricted Area Permit.” Additionally, you’ll need an Annapurna Conservation Area Permit (ACAP) and a Trekker’s Information Management System (TIMS) card. It’s advisable to work with a reputable trekking agency to assist you in obtaining these permits.

Best Time to Trek:
The best time to trek in Upper Mustang is during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) seasons when the weather is relatively stable, and the skies are clear. These periods offer the best conditions for trekking and clear views of the Himalayas.

Trek Difficulty:
The Upper Mustang Trek is considered a moderate trek in terms of physical demand. However, the high altitude and remote nature of the region require good fitness and acclimatization. Trekkers should be prepared for long days of walking.

Accommodation:
Tea houses and lodges are available along the trekking route, providing basic but comfortable accommodations. While the facilities are simpler than in more popular trekking regions, they offer a cozy place to rest and dine.

Packing List:
Ensure you have appropriate clothing for varying weather conditions, including warm layers and rain gear. Trekking poles, a sturdy backpack, and a sleeping bag suitable for cold weather are essential items.

Safety Considerations:
Travelers are encouraged to trek with a registered guide and porter for safety and to navigate the restricted area’s regulations effectively. Proper acclimatization is crucial to avoid altitude sickness.

Facilities and Accommodation on the Upper Mustang Trek

Accommodation and facilities along the Upper Mustang Trek are quite different from what you might find in more popular trekking regions of Nepal. The trek takes you through remote and culturally distinct areas where the facilities are simpler. Here’s what you can expect in terms of accommodation and facilities on the Upper Mustang Trek:

Accommodation:

1. Tea Houses and Lodges: Along the trekking route, you’ll find basic tea houses and lodges in the villages. These accommodations provide a warm place to sleep, meals, and sometimes hot showers. The quality and comfort of these lodges can vary, but they usually offer cozy and clean rooms.

2. Shared Rooms: Most tea houses and lodges offer shared rooms with twin beds. While some may have private rooms available, it’s advisable to be prepared for shared accommodation, especially during peak trekking seasons.

3. Bedding: Tea houses typically provide mattresses, blankets, and pillows. However, it’s a good idea to bring a sleeping bag suitable for cold temperatures, as it can get chilly, especially at higher altitudes.

4. Basic Amenities: Accommodations in Upper Mustang have shared bathrooms with squat toilets. Hot showers may be available, but they often come with an additional cost. Toilet paper may not always be provided, so it’s wise to carry your own.

5. Dining Areas: Lodges have communal dining areas where trekkers can enjoy meals and socialize. The menus typically offer a variety of Nepali and Tibetan dishes, such as dal bhat (rice and lentils), momos (dumplings), noodles, and local specialties.

Facilities:

1. Electricity: Electricity is available in most villages along the route, but it may be limited to a few hours in the evening. Charging your devices may incur an extra fee.

2. Internet and Mobile Coverage: While some villages have limited internet access and mobile coverage, it can be unreliable and slow. Don’t rely on it for communication during your trek.

3. ATMs: There are no ATMs in Upper Mustang, so it’s essential to carry enough cash for your entire trek, including permits, meals, and any additional expenses.

4. Medical Facilities: Basic medical facilities are available in larger villages, but for serious medical issues or emergencies, you may need to be evacuated to a hospital in Jomsom or Pokhara.

5. Shopping: You can find some basic supplies, snacks, and souvenirs in the villages, but the selection is limited. It’s best to carry any essential trekking gear and snacks with you from Jomsom or Pokhara.

6. Transport: The trekking route is accessible by road up to Jomsom. From Jomsom, you can fly or trek to Kagbeni to begin your Upper Mustang Trek. Return transportation can also be arranged from Jomsom.

It’s important to note that facilities in Upper Mustang are more basic compared to more popular trekking regions like the Annapurna or Everest. However, this simplicity adds to the authenticity of the experience and allows you to immerse yourself in the culture and traditions of the region. Trekkers should be prepared for a rustic but comfortable experience and bring essential items like warm clothing and a good sleeping bag to ensure a comfortable journey.

Can Beginners Trek to Upper Mustang Trek? 

Trekking to Upper Mustang as a beginner is possible, but it comes with certain challenges and considerations. While the Upper Mustang Trek offers a unique cultural and geographical experience, it’s important for beginners to be well-prepared. First and foremost, be aware of the permit requirements, including the Upper Mustang Restricted Area Permit, Annapurna Conservation Area Permit (ACAP), and Trekker’s Information Management System (TIMS) card. These permits can be complex to obtain, so enlisting the help of a reputable trekking agency or guide is advisable. Altitude is another crucial factor to consider, as the trek reaches heights of over 3,800 meters (12,467 feet) and involves crossing the Lo La Pass at approximately 3,950 meters (12,960 feet). Adequate acclimatization is essential, and beginners should pay close attention to their bodies to avoid altitude sickness. Physical fitness is also important, as the terrain can be challenging. The best seasons for beginners to trek to Upper Mustang are spring and autumn when the weather is more stable. While the accommodations are basic, shared rooms in tea houses and lodges provide a comfortable place to rest and meals. Having some prior trekking experience, even at lower altitudes, can be beneficial. Consider joining a guided trek to receive assistance with navigation, permits, and cultural insights, enhancing your overall trekking experience in this captivating region of Nepal.

Alternative Treks You Can Consider in Upper Mustang Trek

While the Upper Mustang Trek is a fantastic choice for those seeking a unique and culturally rich trekking experience, there are alternative treks in the region and nearby areas that you can consider if you want different options. Here are some alternatives:

1. Lower Mustang Trek: If you’re looking for a shorter and less remote trek in the same region, consider the Lower Mustang Trek. This trek starts and ends in Jomsom and offers stunning views of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges while passing through charming villages like Marpha and Tukuche.

2. Nar Phu Valley Trek: Located in the Annapurna region, the Nar Phu Valley Trek combines elements of both Upper Mustang and the Annapurna Circuit. You’ll explore remote villages, cross high passes, and experience a unique blend of Tibetan and Nepali cultures.

3. Manang and Tilicho Lake Trek: This trek takes you through the picturesque Manang Valley, where you can explore Tibetan-influenced culture. It also includes a side trip to Tilicho Lake, one of the highest lakes in the world.

4. Dolpo Region Treks: The Dolpo region, situated to the west of Upper Mustang, offers a range of trekking options, including the Upper Dolpo Trek and the Phoksundo Lake Trek. These treks provide an opportunity to explore remote villages and pristine wilderness.

5. Annapurna Circuit Trek: While not in Upper Mustang, the Annapurna Circuit Trek is one of Nepal’s most famous treks. It offers diverse landscapes, rich culture, and a chance to circumnavigate the Annapurna Massif. You can also choose to incorporate a visit to Lower Mustang on this circuit.

6. Tsum Valley Trek: Tsum Valley is another hidden gem located in the Manaslu region, northeast of the Annapurna region. This trek allows you to explore a sacred Himalayan valley with unique culture and stunning landscapes.

7. Langtang Valley Trek: Located north of Kathmandu, the Langtang Valley Trek is known for its beautiful alpine scenery, friendly Sherpa culture, and the opportunity to explore the Langtang National Park.

8. Rara Lake Trek: If you’re interested in exploring remote areas, the Rara Lake Trek takes you to the pristine Rara Lake in the remote northwestern region of Nepal. The trek offers solitude, beautiful landscapes, and encounters with local communities.

These alternative treks offer diverse experiences, from cultural immersion to stunning natural beauty. Depending on your interests, fitness level, and the time you have available, you can choose the trek that best suits your preferences while still enjoying the enchanting landscapes and cultures of Nepal.

Conclusion:
The Upper Mustang Trek is an extraordinary journey into a culturally rich and remote region of Nepal. It offers a blend of unique landscapes, ancient traditions, and a chance to explore a hidden world that few outsiders have witnessed. With proper preparation and permits, international travelers can embark on this adventure of a lifetime.